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is a city located in , Japan. It has been one of the largest and most important of Japan since the medieval era. Sakai is known for its , keyhole-shaped burial mounds dating from the fifth century. The kofun in Sakai include the largest grave in the world by area, . Once known for , Sakai is now famous for the quality of its cutlery. , the city had an estimated population of 819,965, making it the fourteenth most populous city in Japan (excluding Tokyo).

Geography
Sakai is located in southern Osaka Prefecture, on the edge of and directly south of the city of .

Neighboring municipalities
Osaka Prefecture
  • Habikino
  • Izumi
  • Kawachinagano
  • Matsubara
  • Ōsakasayama
  • Takaishi

Climate
Sakai has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Sakai is . The average annual rainfall is with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around .

Demographics
According to Japanese census data, Sakai population statistics the population of Sakai increased rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s, and has been relatively stable since.

History
Origins
The area that would later become known as Sakai has been inhabited since approximately 8,000 BC. Sakai is known for its keyhole-shaped burial mounds, or , which date from the 5th century. The largest of these, Daisen Kofun, is believed to be the grave of the and is the largest grave in the world by area. During the between 300 and 500 AD, the was built from over one hundred burial mounds. The name "Sakai" appears in Fujiwara Sadoyori's poetry by 1045. Most of the current city is located within ancient ; however, the wards of Mihara, Higashi and a portion of Kita are located within ancient .

Tradition holds that 10,000 homes burned to the ground in 1399.

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Feudal period
Medieval Sakai was an autonomous city run by merchant oligarchs. During the and from about 1450 to 1600, Sakai developed into one of richest cities in Japan as a port for foreign trade. It was a leading producer of textiles and ironwork.
(2013). 9780191637698, OUP Oxford. .
In those days, it was said that the richest cities were Umi no Sakai, Riku no Imai (tr. "along the sea, Sakai; inlands, Imai"; the latter is now a part of Kashihara, Nara). The famous Buddhist priest Ikkyū chose to live in Sakai because of its free atmosphere. The first reliable account of the city is dated to the 1480s and contains publicly issued legal notices, which suggests that the city had a governing council at that point. By the 1530s, the population was around 40,000 residents, almost all of which earned a living through commercial enterprises and some of whom were the wealthiest people in Japan. At this time, Sakai was administered by an oligarchy of powerful merchants. The government had ten divisions machi that were subordinate to the representative council of wealthy townsmen known as the egōshū.

Sen no Rikyū, known as the greatest master of the tea ceremony, was originally a merchant of Sakai. Because of the close relationship between the tea ceremony and and because of the prosperity of its citizens, Sakai was one of the main centers of the tea ceremony in Japan.

In the Sengoku period, Christian missionaries, including in 1550, visited Sakai and documented its prosperity. described the town as the safest place in the area when he visited in 1561. He also mentioned that the city was "governed by consuls like Venice in Italy".

After the coming of Europeans, Sakai became a manufacturing base of matchlock firearms and a daimyō, , was one of their important customers. During his ambitious attempt to unify Japan, Nobunaga attempted to take the autonomy privilege from Sakai. Sakai's citizens denied his order and pitched a desperate battle against his army. Most citizens fled and Sakai was burned and seized by Nobunaga.

After the assassination of Nobunaga in 1582, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, seized power and abolished the autonomous system of Sakai, forcing many merchants to move to his stronghold in Osaka.

File:Old house of gunsmiths in Sakai.jpg|Old house of gunsmiths in Sakai File:Gunsmith Storefront in Sakai Osaka by Akisato Rito 1796.jpg| storefront in Sakai, Osaka File:Toyotomi Hideyoshi c1598 Kodai-ji Temple.png|Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Edo period
In 1615, Sakai was razed to the ground in the summer campaign of the Siege of Osaka between the and .

Sakai was restored as an important trade center during the but was involved only in inland trade due to the policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, which isolated Japan from the outside world. It was also known for its brewing and its cutlery industries. After the isolation policy was abandoned during the , Sakai was the location of the , involving a clash between French sailors and Japanese gendarmes resulting in multiple casualties. When the Western powers demanded the opening of Osaka a port for foreign trade, both Sakai and were named as candidates; however, Sakai's proximity and ease of access to and the presence of many imperial tombs led to the selection of Hyōgo.

File:Sakai_Incident_Tosa_Domain_1868_Le_Monde_Illustré.png| (1868)

Modern Sakai
Following the Meiji restoration, Sakai was transformed into an industrial center as part of the Hanshin Industrial Region, with industries centering on textiles and brick making. From 1876 to 1881, Sakai was part of . The city of Sakai was proclaimed on April 1, 1889, with the creation of the modern municipalities system. It was one of the first 31 cities to be created in Japan. The 1934 Muroto typhoon killed over 300 people in Sakai. Another major disaster was in 1945, when the city was heavily bombed on six occasions during World War II with over 1800 civilian deaths. Following the February 2005 annexation of the town of Mihara (from Minamikawachi District), Sakai became a designated city in April 2006 "Tokyo pollsters in the money", , February 17, 2007. Accessed March 13, 2007. giving it a greater measure of self-determination in governmental affairs.

Government
Sakai has a form of government with a directly elected mayor and a city council of 52 members. Sakai contributes eight members to the Osaka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between the Osaka 15th district, Osaka 16th district and Osaka 17th districts of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Local administration
Sakai has seven wards ( ku):
1Sakai-ku (administrative center)堺区148,35323.666,270
2Higashi-ku東区84,70810.498,075
3Kita-ku北区159,08415.6010,198
4Naka-ku中区120,21617.886,723
5Nishi-ku西区134,38928.624,696
6Mihara-ku美原区37,22313.202,820
7Minami-ku南区135,99240.393,367

Cityscape
File:Sakaihigashi2020.jpg|Sakai City Downtown (2020) File:Sakaishi2020.jpg|Sakai City (2020) File:Old Sakai Port202002.jpg|Old Sakai Port (2020) File:大仙公園日本庭園 (48814715927).jpg|Daisen Park (2019) File:Sakaihigashi Station20161016.jpg|Sakaihigashi Station (2016) File:SakaiCityHall 2024 10.jpg|Sakai City Hall (2024)

Economy
Sakai was traditionally dependent on heavy industry and its port. However, after a period of high economic growth after World War II, along with the development and expansion of the Osaka metropolitan area, Sakai also has increasingly become a satellite city () for Osaka metropolis, as represented by the development of Senboku New Town. , a major manufacturer of cycling and fishing products, is based in Sakai.

, the conveyor belt sushi chain, has its headquarters in Sakai. - Address in Japanese: "大阪府堺市中区深阪1-2-2"

Education
Universities
  • Hagoromo International University
  • Kansai University Sakai Campus
  • Osaka Butsuryo University
  • Osaka Junior College of Social Health and Welfare
  • Osaka Prefecture University
  • Poole Gakuin University
  • Sakai Women's Junior College
  • Taisei Gakuin University
  • Tezukayama Gakuin University

Primary and secondary schools
Sakai has 98 public elementary schools and 43 public middle schools operated by the city government. The city also has one private elementary school, three private combined middle/high schools and one private combined elementary/middle/high school. The city has 23 public high schools operated by the Osaka Prefectural Board of Education, and four private high schools. The city operates two and the prefecture operates four special education schools for the disabled.

The city previously had a , 堺朝鮮初級学校. ( Archive).

Transportation
Airways
Airport
Sakai does not have an airport. The nearest major airport is Kansai International Airport.

Railways
  • - - - - - -
Nankai Electric Railway - Nankai Main Line
  • - - - - -
Nankai Electric Railway - Kōya Line
  • - - - - - - - -
  • - - - -

Subway
- Midōsuji Line
  • - -

Tramway
  • : (Sumiyoshi)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Bus
  • Nankai Bus Company, Limited
    • Nankai wing Bus kanaoka Company, Limited
  • Osaka City Bus

Highways
Expressways

Japan National Route
International relations
Sister cities

Friendship cities

Notable people from Sakai

Local attractions

See also
  • Osaka Metropolis plan

External links

: , , , , ,
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